RAFT WARS 3 ENGINEERING SERIES

These meetings take place near-biennially and alternated between the USA and Europe until the twelfth, which was held in South Africa in 2017 ( Rose 2018 a).

RAFT WARS 3 ENGINEERING SERIES

The book was generated by a symposium that became the first in a series of meetings now entitled the International Conferences on Military Geosciences. His historical overview ( Kiersch & Underwood 1998) reflected understanding of the subject in the USA at that time and was also published, in extended form, as a journal article ( Kiersch 1998). After 1945, more military geologists were used in the USA than Germany or the UK, in these and wider roles, but mostly as civilians or reservists.Ī benchmark book on military geology ( Underwood & Guth 1998), the first to be published following the end of the Cold War of 1947–91, was introduced by George Kiersch, a distinguished American engineering geologist and former World War II military engineer. Military geologist roles in World War II included most of those of World War I, but were extended to other aspects of terrain evaluation, notably the rapid construction of temporary airfields and factors affecting cross-country vehicular movement (‘going’). Only the USSR and Germany entered World War II with organized military geological expertise, but the UK and later the USA made significant use of military geologists, albeit far fewer than the c. Geologists were used primarily to guide abstraction of groundwater, construction of ‘mine’ tunnels and dug-outs, development of fortifications and quarrying of natural resources to enhance or repair supply routes. Nevertheless, military geologists were not deployed on a battlefield until World War I, first by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies and later and less intensively those of the UK and USA. Within the UK, the following century saw geology taught, and national geological mapping initiated, as a military science. Napoleon Bonaparte was, in 1798, the first general to include geologists as such on a military operation.

Raft wars 3 engineering